Lecture 09-16A: Machine

Drawing Machines.

(Portions of this lecture are by Paolo Pedercini.)

Ivan Sutherland MIT 1963 (Action starts at 4:20)

Jean Tinguely, Swiss kinetic sculptor known for the self destructing machine (1960).
In the 1950s, he produced a body of work known as *metamatics*.
These were a parody of American “action” painting, such as by Jackson Pollock.

In the early 1950s, American mathematician and artist Ben Laposky
made the first computer generated images, photographing the output of an oscilloscope.

American animator, Mary Ellen Bute used a similar technique in the early 1950s, to produce abstract animated films which she called 'Abstronic'. — American animator, Mary Ellen Bute used a similar technique in the early 1950s, to produce abstract animated films which she called ‘Abstronic’.

Desmond Paul Henry machine — In the 1950s, British artist Desmond Paul Henry created plotter drawings using decommissioned analog/mechanical “bombsight computers” which were employed in World War II bombers to calculate the accurate trajectories of bombs and missiles. This strategy was also used by American abstract animator, John Whitney.

These artists seemed to be fascinated by the apparent randomness (unpredictability) of these machines and let them “do their thing”.

On the opposite side of the algorithmic spectrum, there is Sol LeWitt, who didn’t use computers but conceived many of his works as a series of instructions. In point of fact, they were indeed intended to be created by machines: art gallery interns.

sol_le_witt_b — This is the result of the sequence of instructions.

sol_le_witt_c — What is the status of authorship and ownership when the works are just instructions that anybody can execute?

Sol Lewitt was part of the Conceptualist movement. In the 1960s these artists enjoyed provoking the question as to whether an artwork could take the form of a set of instructions, i.e. if the artwork, technically, had no material existence. Another participant in this (and the related Fluxus movement) was Yoko Ono, who created a book of instructional “paintings” called Grapefruit.

tumblr_mh5h44s4361qe31lco1_r1_500 tumblr_mh5h44s4361qe31lco7_500

Another form of procedural or rule-based art evolved around this time as well: Optical Art, or “Op-Art”. A leader of this movement was Hungarian artist, Victor Vasarely:

VASARELY-Litho_orange2 vas-vega

British artist Bridget Riley was another:

riley010

bridget-riley

There was a major exhibition of Op-Art, “The Responsive Eye” at the MoMA in 1965. (The catalogue is really worth a look.) One important aspect of Op-Art was its “interactive” quality. Often the viewer became very involved in perceiving the work: moving around it, stepping back and forth, and blinking a whole lot.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ek_lQJsU41U

Historic Computer Art

While the Conceptual artists (e.g. Lewitt) were thinking about rule-based art, and the Op-Artists were thinking about mathematically-motivated, mind-bending forms, the early computer artists were thinking about both of these things, and how they could use new technologies to create them. It wasn’t long after Ivan Sutherland introduced visually-oriented computing (c. 1963) that artists got involved.

Georg Nees 1965-1968.
In the mid-60s, as the first image plotters became available, artists began to obtain access to mainframe computers. Usually their access was limited to late nights and weekends.

Georg Nees Schotter 1968 — Georg Nees – Schotter 1968.
Nees had to write his own graphics libraries. His works often deals with order vs disorder.

Georg Nees Sculpture 1968 — He also made the world’s first computer-generated sculpture in 1968 using a computer aided milling machine.

Vera Molnar Interruptions 1968-69 — Vera Molnar Interruptions-1968-69.
The computer art movement was international. Vera Molnar was a French Hungarian artist.

mohr

Frieder Nake, 13_9_65 Nr. 2 (also known as Hommage to Paul Klee), 1965, plotter drawing, ink on paper, 40 x 40 cm — Frieder Nake, Nr. 2 (also known as Hommage to Paul Klee) 1965

Herbert W. Franke - Serie Mondrian — Herbert W. Franke’s Serie Mondrian (1980), a software created for the Texas Instruments TI 99/4 home computer. Serie Mondrian produced Mondrian-style images according to user defined parameters.

mark_wilson_1986_stl_d30_3 — Mark Wilson – STL D30 (1986)
In the 80’ computer generated abstraction grows in complexity. And can be printed in full colors.

OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA — Mark Wilson – Small Three Skew (1983)

Many of these artists are still around but in the ‘90s computer art morphed into new media art, and interactivity and social engagement became the main focus for artists working with technology.

With the democratization of robotics, drawing machines started to get out of the gallery (see graffiti writer) and became more autonomous.

Cory Arcangel’s gradient works are a playful post-modern legacy of computer art.